Ohm's Law — V, I, R, P

Enter any two values. Leave the other two blank — they will be calculated for you.

Resistors in Series & Parallel

Enter resistor values separated by commas (e.g. 100, 220, 470).

Resistor Color Code Decoder

Resistance

Resistor Value Finder

Enter a target resistance — get the nearest E12 and E24 standard values.

LED Resistor Calculator

V
V
mA
Required Resistor

Multiple LEDs in Series

Calculate the resistor needed when wiring LEDs in series from a shared supply.

V
V
pcs
mA
Required Resistor

Voltage Divider

Find the output voltage from a two-resistor divider, or find R2 for a target Vout.

V
Ω
Ω
Output Voltage (Vout)

Find R2 for Target Vout

Give a known Vin, R1, and your required output voltage — get the R2 value you need.

V
Ω
V
Required R2

RC Time Constant

Time Constant (τ = R × C)

Capacitor Energy & Charge

V
Energy & Charge

PCB Trace Width (IPC-2221)

A
°C
Minimum Trace Width

Trace Resistance & Voltage Drop

Estimate the DC resistance of a PCB trace and the voltage drop at a given current.

mm
A
Trace Resistance & Voltage Drop

Decibel (dB) Converter

Decibels

Or convert dB back to a linear ratio:

dB
Linear ratio

Frequency & Wavelength

Wavelength & Period

Inductor reactance (XL = 2π × f × L):

Inductive Reactance (XL)

Battery Runtime Calculator

Estimate how long a battery will power a circuit at a given current draw.

%
Estimated Runtime

Power Supply Sizing

Find the minimum power supply rating needed for your circuit, with a safety margin.

W
V
Minimum PSU Rating

Watt-Hour & Charge Rate

Convert battery capacity to Watt-hours and find charge time from a given charger current.

mAh
V
mA
Energy & Charge Time

RC Low-Pass / High-Pass Filter

Find the −3 dB cutoff frequency for a first-order RC filter, or find the component value needed for a target frequency.

Result

LC Resonant Frequency

Calculate the resonant (tank) frequency of an LC circuit, or find L or C for a target frequency.

Resonant Frequency

555 Timer Frequency

Calculate the output frequency and duty cycle of a 555 timer in astable mode.

Frequency & Duty Cycle

AWG Wire Properties

Look up diameter, area, resistance, and current capacity for any AWG gauge wire.

Wire Properties

Wire Resistance & Voltage Drop

Calculate the total DC resistance of a wire run and the voltage drop at your load current.

A
Resistance & Voltage Drop

Wire Gauge Selector

Enter your required current and get the recommended minimum AWG gauge for chassis wiring.

A
Recommended AWG

Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

Calculate the series resistor needed to bias a Zener diode regulator and verify power ratings for both components.

V
V
mA
mA
Series Resistor & Power

Zener Power & Current Budget

Check worst-case power dissipation in the Zener diode when load is disconnected (maximum Zener stress condition).

V
V
Ω
Worst-Case Zener Power

Zener Reference Lookup

Select a standard Zener voltage to see its E24 series part numbers, typical power ratings, and tolerance.

Zener Reference Data

Transformer Turns & Voltage

Calculate turns ratio, secondary voltage or current from primary parameters. Works for step-up and step-down transformers.

V
V
turns
A
%
Transformer Parameters

Transformer VA Rating

Find the minimum VA rating needed for your transformer given load power, power factor, and a safety margin.

W
Minimum VA Rating

Rectifier Output Voltage

Estimate the DC output voltage after a rectifier and filter capacitor from a transformer secondary voltage.

V
V
DC Output Voltage

Inverting Amplifier

Calculate gain, output voltage, and bandwidth for an inverting op-amp amplifier configuration.

V
MHz
Inverting Amplifier

Non-Inverting Amplifier

Calculate gain, output voltage, and bandwidth for a non-inverting op-amp amplifier configuration.

V
MHz
Non-Inverting Amplifier

Differential & Summing Amplifier

Differential amp: Vout = (Rf/R1) × (V2 − V1). Summing amp: Vout = −Rf × (V1/R1 + V2/R2).

V
V
Output Voltage
Technology & Engineering Tool

Tech Calculator — Technology & Engineering

One free technology calculator covering Ohm's law, resistor color codes, LED resistors, voltage dividers, RC time constants, PCB trace width, Zener diodes, transformers, op-amp gain, battery runtime, filter design, wire gauge, and more — runs entirely in your browser, no login needed.

Technology Calculator — What It Covers

Every tool runs instantly in your browser. From basic electronics to advanced circuit design — all in one place, no login required.

Ohm's Law (V / I / R / P)

Enter any two of voltage, current, resistance, or power — the other two are solved instantly. Results show all four values with formulas, helping you cross-check component ratings and verify designs.

🎨

Resistor Color Code

Interactive 4-band and 5-band color code decoder with live resistor body preview. Shows resistance, tolerance, min/max values. Also finds the nearest E12 and E24 standard value for any target resistance.

💡

LED Resistor

Preset forward voltages for red, orange, yellow, green, blue, white, and IR LEDs. Results include exact resistance, nearest E12 value, power dissipated, and voltage across the resistor. Series LED string supported.

🔀

Voltage Divider

Solve Vout from R1/R2, or find the R2 needed for a target Vout. Results show output voltage, divider ratio as percentage, and current through the resistor string.

⏱️

RC Time Constant

Calculate τ = R × C and see times to reach 63% (1τ), 95% (3τ), and 99.3% (5τ). Also shows the filter cutoff frequency and capacitor energy/charge storage.

📐

PCB Trace Width (IPC-2221)

Minimum trace width for any current and temperature rise on inner or outer copper layers. Also calculates DC resistance and voltage drop for a real trace by length, width, and copper weight.

Zener Diode Calculator

Calculate the series resistor for a Zener voltage regulator, verify power dissipation in worst-case (no load) conditions, and look up standard Zener voltages with part codes and power ratings.

🔄

Transformer Calculator

Find turns ratio, secondary turns, primary current, and output power with efficiency correction. Also calculates minimum VA rating for your load and estimated DC output after a rectifier and filter stage.

📈

Op-Amp Gain Calculator

Inverting and non-inverting amplifier gain, output voltage, and bandwidth limit from GBW product. Also covers differential and summing amplifier configurations with instant Vout results.

🎚️

Filter, LC & 555 Timer

RC low-pass/high-pass cutoff (solve for fc, R, or C). LC resonant frequency. 555 astable oscillator: frequency, duty cycle, and high/low period times from R1, R2, C.

🔋

Battery & Power Supply

Battery runtime with efficiency adjustment. mAh to Watt-hours, charge time, and C-rate. Power supply sizing with configurable safety margin, minimum current rating, and power loss budget.

🔌

Wire / AWG Calculator

AWG wire diameter, resistance per metre, and max current for gauges 0–30. Voltage drop along a wire run with round-trip option. Minimum AWG recommendation for any current and application type.

Technology Calculator for Engineers, Students, and Makers

A technology calculator should cover the real problems engineers face every day — not just a single formula, but a full set of interconnected tools that work together. This page brings together the most commonly needed electronics and hardware calculations: from the basics of Ohm's law and resistor color codes through to Zener diode regulation, transformer design, op-amp gain, PCB trace sizing, and wire gauge selection.

Zener Diode, Transformer, and Op-Amp Tools

The Zener tab calculates the series resistor needed to bias a Zener regulator at a given load current, then checks worst-case power dissipation when the load is removed — the condition where the Zener absorbs the most current. The Transformer tab covers turns ratio, secondary current, efficiency-corrected output power, minimum VA rating, and estimated DC output voltage after a bridge rectifier. The Op-Amp tab handles inverting amplifiers (gain = −Rf ÷ Rin), non-inverting amplifiers (gain = 1 + Rf ÷ R1), and differential and summing configurations — all with GBW-limited bandwidth calculation.

Ohm's Law, Resistors, LED, and Voltage Divider

The Ohm's Law tab solves any two of V, I, R, P when you give it the other two — showing all four values together. The Resistor tab decodes 4-band and 5-band color codes with a live visual preview of the resistor body, and also finds the nearest E12 and E24 standard value for any target resistance. The LED tab calculates the series resistor needed for any LED color with presets for red, orange, yellow, green, blue, white, and IR. The Voltage Divider works both ways: find Vout from R1 and R2, or find R2 needed for a target Vout.

PCB Trace, RC Filters, Battery, and Wire AWG

The PCB Trace tab applies the IPC-2221 formula for minimum trace width at any current and allowed temperature rise, for inner or outer copper layers, and also estimates the DC resistance and voltage drop of a real trace by length and width. The RC tab gives the time constant τ = R × C with 1τ, 3τ, and 5τ milestones and the filter −3 dB cutoff frequency. The Battery tab estimates runtime using efficiency-adjusted capacity, and converts between mAh, Watt-hours, and charge time. The Wire / AWG tab looks up every standard gauge from AWG 0 to AWG 30 and recommends the minimum gauge for any current requirement with application-specific derating.


This Technology Calculator tool is designed for electronics calculations like resistor values, LED setup, and voltage divider, helping users build circuits more easily. It saves time and reduces errors. You can also connect it with Engineering Unit Conversion calculator, use Download Time Calculator tool, and Programmer Calculator online for full technical support.

Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about this technology calculator and its engineering tools.

This technology calculator covers: Ohm's law (V/I/R/P solver), resistor color code decoder (4-band and 5-band), LED resistor calculator, voltage divider (forward and reverse), RC time constant with filter cutoff, PCB trace width (IPC-2221), Zener diode voltage regulator, transformer turns ratio and VA sizing, op-amp gain (inverting, non-inverting, differential, summing), RC filter / LC resonance / 555 timer, battery runtime and Wh converter, and wire AWG lookup with voltage drop. All tools work entirely in your browser — no login, no data sent anywhere.
Enable the Zener tab in Settings → General → Tab Visibility. Enter your supply voltage (Vs), the Zener breakdown voltage (Vz), the load current (IL), and the minimum Zener current you want to maintain (typically 5–10 mA). The calculator gives you the series resistor value (Rs = (Vs − Vz) ÷ (IL + Iz)), the nearest E12 value, and power ratings for both the resistor and the Zener. The Power card also calculates worst-case Zener dissipation when the load is open — this is the condition that determines which power rating to buy.
Turns ratio (n) = Np ÷ Ns = Vp ÷ Vs = Is ÷ Ip. On the Transformer tab, enter the primary voltage, secondary voltage, number of primary turns, load current, and efficiency. The result shows the turns ratio, secondary turns (Ns = Np ÷ n), primary current, input power, and output power. The VA Rating card finds the minimum transformer VA rating from load watts, power factor, and a safety margin. The Rectifier card estimates DC output voltage after a bridge, half-wave, or centre-tap rectifier.
For an inverting amplifier: Gain = −Rf ÷ Rin. Vout = Vin × Gain. Bandwidth = GBW ÷ |Gain|. For a non-inverting amplifier: Gain = 1 + Rf ÷ R1. Both configurations are on the Op-Amp tab. Also available: differential amplifier (Vout = (Rf/R1) × (V2 − V1)) and summing amplifier (Vout = −Rf × (V1/R1 + V2/R2)). Enable the Op-Amp tab in Settings → General → Tab Visibility.
Ohm's law states V = I × R. Power follows as P = V × I = I²R = V²/R. Enter any two of the four values and the Ohm's Law tab fills in the other two — highlighted in blue so you can see which were calculated. For example: enter 9V and 100Ω to see I = 90mA and P = 0.81W instantly.
A 4-band resistor: first two bands = digits, third = multiplier (×10ⁿ), fourth = tolerance. A 5-band adds a third digit for higher precision. On the Resistor tab, choose band count and select each color from the drop-down — the live preview shows the actual resistor body. The result shows resistance, tolerance range, minimum, and maximum values. The Value Finder shows the nearest E12 and E24 standard values for any target resistance.
On the LED tab: select your LED color (forward voltage auto-fills), enter supply voltage and desired current (10–20 mA is standard). The result gives: exact resistance (R = (Vs − Vf) ÷ If), nearest E12 value, power dissipated (P = (Vs − Vf) × If), and voltage across the resistor. For example: 5V supply, red LED at 20 mA → R = (5 − 2) ÷ 0.02 = 150Ω, P = 60 mW.
The IPC-2221 formula: Width (mils) = I ÷ (k × ΔT^0.44 × Th^0.725), where k = 0.048 (outer) or 0.024 (inner), I is current in amps, ΔT is allowed temperature rise in °C, and Th is copper thickness in oz × 1.378 mils. Select your layer, enter current and ΔT — result shows width in both mm and mils. The Trace Resistance card then estimates DC resistance and voltage drop over a real trace by length and width.
Enable the Wire / AWG tab in settings. Use the Wire Gauge Selector: enter required current and choose application (chassis wiring = full rated current; power leads = 80% derate; bundled harness = 60% derate). The result gives the minimum AWG with diameter, cross-section, and derated current. Quick reference: AWG 20 ≈ 11A chassis, AWG 18 ≈ 16A, AWG 16 ≈ 22A, AWG 14 ≈ 32A, AWG 12 ≈ 41A.

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